Rafael Nadal wraps up in Roland Garros |
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Saturday, May 28, 2011
Rafael Nadal wraps up in Roland Garros
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Thursday, May 26, 2011
V12 engine
A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of six cylinders, usually but not always at a 60° angle to each other, with all 12 pistons driving a common crankshaft.
Since each cylinder bank is essentially a straight-6, this configuration has perfect primary and secondary balance no matter which V angle is used and therefore needs no balance shafts. A V12 with two banks of six cylinders angled at 60° or 180° from each other has even firing with power pulses delivered twice as often per revolution as a straight-6. This allows for great refinement in a luxury car. In a racing car, the rotating parts can be made much lighter and thus more responsive, since there is no need to use counterweights on the crankshaft as is needed in a 90° V8 and less need for the inertial mass in a flywheel to smooth out the power delivery. In a large displacement, heavy-duty engine, a V12 can run slower than smaller engines, prolonging engine life.
V12 engines were first seen in aircraft. By the end of World War I, V12s were popular in the newest and largest fighters and bombers and were produced by companies such as Renault and Sunbeam. Many Zeppelins had 12-cylinder engines from German manufacturers Maybach and Daimler. Various US companies produced the Liberty L-12; the Curtiss NC Flying boats, including the NC-4, the first aircraft to make a transatlantic flight, had four V12 engines each.
V12 engines reached their apogee during World War II. Fighters and bombers used V12 engines such as the British Rolls-Royce Merlin and Griffon, the Soviet Klimov VK-107, the American Allison V-1710 or the German Daimler-Benz DB 600 series and Junkers-Jumo. These engines generated about1,000 hp (750 kW) at the beginning of the war and above 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) at their ultimate evolution stage. The German DB 605D engine reached 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) with water injection. In contrast to most Allied V12s, the engines built in Germany by Daimler-Benz, Junkers-Jumo, and Argus (As 410 and As 411) were primarily inverted, which had the advantages of lower centers of gravity and improved visibility for single-engined designs. Only the pre-war origin BMW VI V12 of Germany was an "upright" engine. The United States had the experimental Continental IV-1430 inverted V12 engine under development, with a higher power-to-weight ratio than any of the initial versions of the German WW II inverted V12s, but was never developed to production status, with only 23 examples of the Continental inverted V12 ever being built.
The Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 powered the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters that played a vital role in Britain's victory in the Battle of Britain. The long, narrow configuration of the V12 contributed to good aerodynamics, while its exceptional smoothness allowed its use with relatively light and fragile airframes. The Merlin was also used in the Avro Lancaster and de Havilland Mosquito bombers. In the United States the Packard Motor company was licensed by Rolls-Royce to produce the Merlin as the Packard V-1650 for use in the North American P-51 Mustang. It was also incorporated into some models of the Curtiss P-40, specifically the P-40F and P-40L. Packard Merlins powered Canadian-built Hurricane, Lancaster and Mosquito aircraft, as well as the UK-built Spitfire Mark XVI, which was otherwise the same as the Mark IX with its British-built Merlin.
The Allison V-1710 was the only indigenous US-developed V-12 liquid-cooled engine to see service during World War II. A sturdy and trustworthy design, it unfortunately lacked an advanced mechanical supercharger until 1943. Although versions with a turbosupercharger did give excellent performance at high altitude in the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, the turbosupercharger and its ductwork were too bulky to fit into typical single-engine fighters. While a superb performer at low altitudes, without adequate supercharging, the Allison's high-altitude performance was lacking.
After World War II, V12 engines became generally obsolete in aircraft due to the introduction of turbojet and turboprop engines, which had more power for their weight, and fewer complications in large aircraft.
Since each cylinder bank is essentially a straight-6, this configuration has perfect primary and secondary balance no matter which V angle is used and therefore needs no balance shafts. A V12 with two banks of six cylinders angled at 60° or 180° from each other has even firing with power pulses delivered twice as often per revolution as a straight-6. This allows for great refinement in a luxury car. In a racing car, the rotating parts can be made much lighter and thus more responsive, since there is no need to use counterweights on the crankshaft as is needed in a 90° V8 and less need for the inertial mass in a flywheel to smooth out the power delivery. In a large displacement, heavy-duty engine, a V12 can run slower than smaller engines, prolonging engine life.
Aviation
A 1917 Liberty L-12 (V12) aero-engine
Renault V12 aeroengine
Rolls-Royce Merlin engine in an Avro York
The Allison V-1710 was the only indigenous US-developed V-12 liquid-cooled engine to see service during World War II. A sturdy and trustworthy design, it unfortunately lacked an advanced mechanical supercharger until 1943. Although versions with a turbosupercharger did give excellent performance at high altitude in the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, the turbosupercharger and its ductwork were too bulky to fit into typical single-engine fighters. While a superb performer at low altitudes, without adequate supercharging, the Allison's high-altitude performance was lacking.
After World War II, V12 engines became generally obsolete in aircraft due to the introduction of turbojet and turboprop engines, which had more power for their weight, and fewer complications in large aircraft.
5 Perbedaan Nafsu & Cinta
1. Cinta itu membahagiakan, Nafsu itu membahayakan Cinta yang sebenarnya selalu menunjukkan jalan atau arah menuju kebahagiaan bagi orang-orang yang menjalaninya. Seorang pecinta yang sudah menemukan dan memahami makna cinta sejati dalam dirinya akan berada pada kondisi yang membahagiakan. Sebaliknya, orang-orang yang terkecoh dengan nafsu dan menganggap nafsu adalah cinta akan berada dalam kondisi yang membahayakan. Kita tidak bisa memungkiri, di mana ada kebaikan, di situlah setan menggoda manusia agar terjerumus ke dalam keburukan. Cinta dan nafsu seperti dua sisi dari mata uang yang sama. Cinta adalah sisi positif, nafsu adalah sisi negatif dan uang itu adalah hubungan. Seseorang yang mencintai pasangannya dengan sebenar-benarnya cinta akan mengarahkan hubungannya menuju kebahagiaan sejati dengan cara menjaga dan menyayangi pasangannya. Tanpa bermaksud untuk merusak dan menyakiti. Lain halnya dengan orang-orang yang menjalin hubungan dengan landasan nafsu, mereka akan membawa hubungannya kearah kebahagiaan yang semu dan hanya berorientasi pada fisik, dalam hal ini s*x. Yang justru akan menjerumuskan mereka ke dalam situasi yang membahayakan. |
2. Cinta bikin kita ketawa, Nafsu bikin kita kecewa Kalau diibaratkan hubungan seperti sawah, maka cinta adalah padi dan nafsu adalah rumput liar. Nah, ketika ketika seseorang menanam padi (cinta) di sawah (hubungan) maka secara otomatis akan tumbuh juga rumput liiar (nafsu). Kalau orang itu sudah mengetahui dan memahami apa itu padi (apa itu cinta), maka dia akan segera memangkas rumput liar itu (nafsu) yang tumbuh di sawahnya (hubungan). Ketika tiba masa panen, orang ini akan menuai hasil sawahnya (hubungan) yang ditanami padi (cinta) itu tadi berupa buah padi (kebahagiaan). Lain dengan orang-orang yang terkecoh yang menyangka rumput liar (nafsu) sebagai padi (cinta). Mereka akan memelihara rumput liar (nafsu) dan tanaman padinya (cinta) akan mati. Pada saat panen, tentu yang mereka dapat hanyalah sekarung rumput liar (nafsu) yang tidak enak dimakan (kekecewaan). |
3. Cinta selalu ingin memberi, Nafsu hanya ingin diberi Saya rasa maksud dari poin ketiga ini sudah jelas. Cinta adalah memberi. Ketika seseorang menjalin hubungan atas dasar cinta maka hal pertama yang dilakukannya adalah memberikan yang terbaik kepada pasangannya, bukan ingin diberi. Logikanya, kalau kita dan pasangan sama-sama ingin memberi (kita ingin memberi kepada pasangan dan pasangan ingin memberi kepada kita) secara otomatis keduanya akan menerima. Tapi kalau kita dan pasangannya inginnya diberi (pasangan ingin diberi dan kita juga ingin diberi) lalu siapa yang akan memberi..? Pada akhirnya yang terjadi justru tidak ada yang akan diberi karena tidak ada yang ingin memberi. |
4. Cinta ingin menyayangi, Nafsu ingin menggerayangi Bagaimana cara kamu memperlakukan pasanganmu? Dan bagaimana cara pasanganmu memperlakukan kamu? Ini adalah cara termudah untuk membedakan mana cinta, mana nafsu..? Landasan seseorang dalam menjalin hubungan akan sangat menentukan pada bagaimana cara orang tersebut memperlakukan pasangannya. Orang yang menjalin hubungan dengan landasan cinta akan senantiasa memperlakukan pasangannya dengan cara-cara yang baik. Menjaga, menyayangi, memperhatikan dan selalu memberikan yang terbaik. Sebaliknya orang orang yang menjalin hubungan karena nafsu cenderung memperlakukan pasangan ke arah fisik. Setiap kali bertemu, inginnya menciumi dan diciumi, setiap kali berdua inginnya dipeluk dan memeluk, digerayangi dan menggerayangi, dan yang lebih parah lagi kalau sampai kearah hubungan s*x. |
5. Cinta yang terbaik, Nafsu yang terbalik Cinta selalu berusaha untuk menjadi yang terbaik, berusaha memberikan yang terbaik untuk pasangan dan selalu memperlakukan pasangan dengan cara-cara yang baik. Bagaimana dengan nafsu..? Sebaliknya, nafsu selalu ingin diberi dan cenderung memperlakukan pasangan ke arah yang menyesatkan. |
Wednesday, May 25, 2011
Joe Slaughter

Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Johnny Depp

Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : On Stranger Tides | [HD] OFFICIAL trailer #1 US (2011) 3D Johnny Depp


James Franco
Monday, May 23, 2011
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Saturday, May 21, 2011
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